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COCOMO

​Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV-infection (COCOMO) Stu​dy.​​

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COCOMO aims to study the prevalence and incidence of non-AIDS comorbidity among persons living with HIV (PLWH). The study was initiated in 2015 and included 1,099 participants who answered lifestyle questionnaires, had a physical examination including spirometry, eNO, ankle- and brachial blood pressure measurement and underwent a cardiac computed tomography scan. The study uses the same research platform as the Copenhagen General Population study (N=100,000) whose participants may be included as HIV-negative controls.​

​Cardiac

We have found higher prevalence of peripheral artery disease and increased pulmonary artery/aortic diameter indicative of pulmonary hypertension. Using cardiac CT, the indexed left ventricular mass of PLWH was higher than in uninfected controls, but there were no differences in LV size. Odds of aortic aneurysms was 4.5 higher in PLWH than in uninfected controls after adjusting for confounding.​

Pulmonal

Airflow limitation defined according to the GOLD criteria is higher among PLWH than uninfected controls and more PLWH than controls have evidence of restrictive pulmonary function. Furthermore, the annual decline in pulmonary function is faster among PLWH than among uninfected controls. The risk factors are the same regardless of HIV serostatus. Levels of pulmonary inflammations are higher among PLWH, but prevalence of emphysema and pulmonary tumors are not associated with HIV status.

Liver and kidney

We have found PLWH to have higher odds of liver fibroses than HIV-negative controls. CT signs of non-alcohol fatty liver disease, however, are less prevalent among PLWH. The risk of reduced kidney function is more than three times higher for PWLH compared to HIV-negative controls.​

Metabolism

We found that PLWH had higher prevalence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Old generation HIV treatment was associated with adipose tissue at visceral rather than subcutaneous level, even after treatment discontinuation. The initiation, but not long-term use, of integrase strain inhibitors is associated with an increase in weight gain. More PLWH, compared with HIV-negative controls, have low bone mineral density, but this association was not significant after adjusting for confounding.

Endocrinology and hematology

PLWH have higher odds of diabetes compared to HIV-negative controls, and reduced insulin sensitivity was associated with use of early generation antiretroviral medicine. We did not find any evidence of increased risk of thyroid disease among PLWH, but PLWH have higher risk of anemia and/or coagulation abnormalities compared to uninfected controls. ​


Inflammation of tryptophan metabolism

We found that alterations in tryptohan metabolism were associated with adipose tissue at visceral level, depression, and alterations in the gut microbiota.

​Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet

  • Susanne Dam Poulsen, Professor, MD, Senior Consultant
  • Andreas Dehlbæk Knudsen, MD, PhD
  • Marco Gelpi, MD, PhD​
  • Anne Marie Reimer Jensen, MD, PhD Student
  • Malene Hove-Skovsgaard, MD, PhD student​
  • Moises Alberto Suarez Zdunek, MD, PhD Student​ 

Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital​

  • Thomas Benfield, Professor, MD

Department Of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet

  • Klaus Kofoed, Associate Professor, MD
  • Lars Køber, Professor, MD

Department Of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital

  • Tor Biering-Sørensen, Professor, MD

Department Of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital

  • Børge Nordestgaard, Professor, MD
  • Shoaib Afzal, MD, PhD

Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway 
  • Marius Trøseid, Professor, Senior Consultant

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  • Ujjwal Neogi, Associate Professor
 
Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  • Caroline Sabin, Professor

​

Funding

  • The Lundbeck Foundation
  • The Novo Nordisk Foundation
  • The Capital Region, Denmark
  • Rigshospitalet Research Council
  • The Augustinus Foundation
  • Gilead
  • Ship owner Per Henriksen, R. and wife's Fund
  • Åse and Ejnar Danielsen's Fund​​

​Ongoing PhD-projects:

  • "Cardiac structure and function in people living with HIV" - Anne Marie Reimer Jensen, MD, Ph.D.-student

  • "Residual immune dysfunctions in people living with HIV with suppressed viral replication" - Malene Hove-Skovsgaard, MD, Ph.D.-student

 

Completed PhD-projects:

  • "Chronic airflow limitation in people living with HIV" – Andreas Ronit, MD, Ph.D.

  • "Biomarkers and cardiovascular disease in HIV infection" – Judith Melchior Haissman, MD, Ph.D.

  • "Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Fibrosis in HIV Infection" – Ditte Marie Kirkegaard-Klitbo, MD, Ph.D.

  • "Gut microbiota, visceral adipose tissue accumulation, and metabolic syndrome in people living with HIV" – Marco Gelpi, MD, Ph.D.

  • "Cardiovascular Co-morbidity in Persons living with HIV in Copenhagen" – Andreas Dehlbæk Knudsen, MD, Ph.D.

  • "Inflammation and lung function impairment in people living with HIV" – Rebekka Faber Thudium, MD, Ph.D.

  • "Gut microbiota, extracellular vesicles and comorbidities in HIV infection" – Beate Vestad, MD, Ph.D.

 

Publications:

  1. Ronit A, Klitbo DM, Kildemoes AO, Benfield T, Gerstoft J, Vestbo J, Jensen JS, Kurtzhals J, Nielsen SD. Absence of Pneumocystis jirovecii Colonization in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals With and Without Airway Obstruction and With Undetectable Viral Load. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 19;3(1):ofw044. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofw044.

  2. Ronit A, Haissman J, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Kristensen TS, Lebech AM, Benfield T, Gerstoft J, Ullum H, Køber L, Kjær A, Kofoed K, Vestbo J, Nordestgaard B, Lundgren J, Nielsen SD. Copenhagen comorbidity in HIV infection (COCOMO) study: a study protocol for a longitudinal, non-interventional assessment of non-AIDS comorbidity in HIV infection in Denmark. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Nov 26;16(1):713. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-2026-9.

  3. Ronit A, Kristensen T, Klitbo DM, Gelpi M, Kalhauge A, Benfield T, Gerstoft J, Lundgren J, Vestbo J, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. Incidental lung cancers and positive computed tomography images in people living with HIV. AIDS. 2017 Sep 10;31(14):1973-1977. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001600.

  4. Ronit A, Kristensen T, Çolak Y, Kühl JT, Kalhauge A, Lange P, Nordestgaard, BG, Vestbo J, Nielsen SD, Kofoed KF. Validation of lung density indices by cardiac CT for quantification of lung emphysema. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018 Oct 11;13:3321-3330. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S172695.

  5. Ronit A, Lundgren J, Afzal S, Benfield T, Roen A, Mocroft A, Gerstoft J, Nordestgaard BG, Vestbo J, Nielsen SD; Copenhagen Co-morbidity in HIV infection (COCOMO) study group. Airflow limitation in people living with HIV and matched uninfected controls. Thorax. 2018 May;73(5):431-438. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-211079. Epub 2018 Jan 13.

  6. Ronit A, Kristensen T, Hoseth VS, Abou-Kassem D, Kühl JT, Benfield T, Gerstoft J, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, Lundgren JD, Vestbo J, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD; Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV Infection (COCOMO) study group. Computed tomography quantification of emphysema in people living with HIV and uninfected controls. Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul 19;52(1):1800296. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00296-2018.

  7. Gelpi M, Afzal S, Lundgren J, Ronit A, Roen A, Mocroft A, Gerstoft J, Lebech AM, Lindegaard B, Kofoed KF, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SD. Higher Risk of Abdominal Obesity, Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, and Hypertriglyceridemia, but not of Hypertension, in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Results From the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV Infection Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Aug 1;67(4):579-586. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy146.

  8. Harsløf M, Knudsen AD, Benfield T, Nordestgaard BG, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Nielsen SD. No evidence of increased risk of thyroid dysfunction in well treated people living with HIV. AIDS. 2018 Sep 24;32(15):2195-2199. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001954.

  9. Ronit A, Ahlström MG, Knudsen AD, Gerstoft J, Nordestgaard BG, Benfield T, Nielsen SD. HIV Status Is a Greater Determinant of Low Self-perceived Life Expectancy Than Cigarette Smoking in a Well-resourced Setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 Oct 1;79(2):e81-e84. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001784. PMID: 30212439.

  10. Knudsen AD, Gelpi M, Afzal S, Ronit A, Roen A, Mocroft A, Lundgren J, Nordestgaard B, Sillesen H, Lebech AM, Køber L, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. Brief Report: Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease Is Higher in Persons Living With HIV Compared With Uninfected Controls. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018 Nov 1;79(3):381-385. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001795.

  11. Ronit A, Benfield T, Mocroft A, Gerstoft J, Nordestgaard BG, Vestbo J, Nielsen SD; Copenhagen Co-morbidity in HIV Infection (COCOMO) Study Group. Diagnostic performance of clinical characteristics to detect airflow limitation in people living with HIV and in uninfected controls. HIV Med. 2018 Nov;19(10):751-755. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12669. Epub 2018 Aug 30.

  12. Thudium RF, Lundgren J, Benfield T, Nordestgaard BG, Borges ÁH, Gerstoft J, Nielsen SD, Ronit A; Copenhagen Co-morbidity in HIV Infection (COCOMO) Study Group. HIV infection is independently associated with a higher concentration of alpha-1 antitrypsin. HIV Med. 2018 Nov;19(10):745-750. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12666. Epub 2018 Aug 30.

  13. Gelpi M, Afzal S, Fuchs A, Lundgren J, Knudsen AD, Drivsholm N, Mocroft A, Lebech AM, Lindegaard B, Kühl JT, Sigvardsen PE, Køber L, Nordestgaard BG, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. Prior exposure to thymidine analogs and didanosine is associated with long-lasting alterations in adipose tissue distribution and cardiovascular risk factors. AIDS. 2019 Mar 15;33(4):675-683. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002119.

  14. Gelpi M, Knudsen AD, Larsen KB, Mocroft A, Lebech AM, Lindegaard B, Lundgren J, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD; Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV Infection (COCOMO) Study. Long-lasting alterations in adipose tissue density and adiponectin production in people living with HIV after thymidine analogues exposure. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 9;19(1):708. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4347-y.

  15. Akdag D, Knudsen AD, Thudium RF, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Nielsen C, Brown P, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, Lundgren J, Nielsen SD. Increased Risk of Anemia, Neutropenia, and Thrombocytopenia in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Well-Controlled Viral Replication. J Infect Dis. 2019 Oct 22;220(11):1834-1842. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz394.

  16. Petersen N, Knudsen AD, Mocroft A, Kirkegaard-Klitbo D, Arici E, Lundgren J, Benfield T, Oturai P, Nordestgaard BG, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Nielsen SD, Ryom L. Prevalence of impaired renal function in virologically suppressed people living with HIV compared with controls: the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV Infection (COCOMO) study. HIV Med. 2019 Nov;20(10):639-647. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12778. Epub 2019 Jul 29.

  17. Knudsen AD, Kofoed KF, Gelpi M, Sigvardsen PE, Mocroft A, Kühl JT, Fuchs A, Køber L, Nordestgaard BG, Benfield T, Graff C, Skov MW, Lundgren J, Nielsen SD; Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV Infection (COCOMO) Study. Prevalence and risk factors of prolonged QT interval and electrocardiographic abnormalities in persons living with HIV. AIDS. 2019 Nov 15;33(14):2205-2210. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002327.

  18. Rezahosseini O, Knudsen AD, Gelpi M, Ronit A, Ueland PM, Midttun Ø, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Ullum H, Nielsen SD. Plasma Cotinine Cutoff for Distinguishing Smokers From Nonsmokers Among Persons Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019 Dec 15;82(5):e54-e56. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002189.

  19. Gelpi M, Ueland PM, Trøseid M, Mocroft A, Lebech AM, Ullum H, Midttun Ø, Lundgren J, Nielsen SD. Abdominal Adipose Tissue Is Associated With Alterations in Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism and Markers of Systemic Inflammation in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 14;221(3):419-427. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz465.

  20. Thomsen MT, Wiegandt YL, Gelpi M, Knudsen AD, Fuchs A, Sigvardsen PE, Kühl JT, Nordestgaard B, Køber L, Lundgren J, Hansen AE, Kofoed KF, Jensen JB, Nielsen SD. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Low Bone Mineral Density Assessed by Quantitative Computed Tomography in People Living With HIV and Uninfected Controls. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020 Feb 1;83(2):165-172. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002245.

  21. Ronit A, Benfield T, Lundgren J, Vestbo J, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, Kühl JT, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD, Kristensen T. Interstitial Lung Abnormalities in People With HIV Infection and Uninfected Controls. J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 11;221(12):1973-1977. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa047.

  22. Knudsen AD, Krebs-Demmer L, Bjørge NID, Elming MB, Gelpi M, Sigvardsen PE, Lebech AM, Fuchs A, Kühl JT, Køber L, Lundgren J, Nordestgaard BG, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. Pericardial Adipose Tissue Volume Is Independently Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status and Prior Use of Stavudine, Didanosine, or Indinavir. J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 16;222(1):54-61. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa057.

  23. Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Fuchs A, Stender S, Sigvardsen PE, Kühl JT, Kofoed KF, Køber L, Nordestgaard BG, Bendtsen F, Mocroft A, Lundgren J, Nielsen SD, Benfield T. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Moderate-to-Severe Hepatic Steatosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: The Copenhagen Co-morbidity Liver Study. J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 14;222(8):1353-1362. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa246. PMID: 32417886.

  24. Hove-Skovsgaard M, Zhao Y, Tingstedt JL, Hartling HJ, Thudium RF, Benfield T, Afzal S, Nordestgaard B, Ullum H, Gerstoft J, Mocroft A, Nielsen SD. Impact of Age and HIV Status on Immune Activation, Senescence and Apoptosis. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 30;11:583569. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583569.

  25. Krebs-Demmer L, Ronit A, Sigvardsen PE, Lebech AM, Gerstoft J, Knudsen AD, Fuchs A, Kühl JT, Nordestgaard BG, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. Cardiac chamber volumes and left ventricular mass in people living with HIV and matched uninfected controls. HIV Med. 2020 Nov;21(10):625-634. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12916. Epub 2020 Sep 9.

  26. Gelpi M, Vestad B, Hansen SH, Holm K, Drivsholm N, Goetz A, Kirkby NS, Lindegaard B, Lebech AM, Hoel H, Michelsen AE, Ueland T, Gerstoft J, Lundgren J, Hov JR, Nielsen SD, Trøseid M. Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Gut Microbiota Alterations on Metabolic Comorbid Conditions. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 5;71(8):e359-e367. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1235.

  27. Hove-Skovsgaard M, Abildgaard J, Gelpi M, Gaardbo JC, Kolte L, Ullum H, Trøseid M, Lindegaard B, Nielsen SD. No evidence of a synergistic effect of HIV infection and diabetes mellitus type 2 on fat distribution, plasma adiponectin or inflammatory markers. BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 25;20(1):882. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05594-3. PMID: 33238950; PMCID: PMC7687725.

  28. Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Bendtsen F, Lundgren J, Nielsen SD, Benfield T; COCOMO study group. Poor Concordance Between Liver Stiffness and Noninvasive Fibrosis Scores in HIV Infection Without Viral Hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Dec;18(13):3049-3050. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.10.024. Epub 2019 Oct 21.

  29. Thudium RF, Hughes NLP, Afzal S, Çolak Y, Gelpi M, Knudsen AD, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Borges ÁH, Gerstoft J, Nordestgaard BG, Vestbo J, Lundgren J, Ronit A, Nielsen SD. Fraction of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels Are Elevated in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Compared to Uninfected Controls, Suggesting Increased Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 15;71(12):3214-3221. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1223.

  30. Knudsen AD, Ronit A, Kristensen T, Thomsen MT, Lebech AM, Cuong MH, Sigvardsen PE, Kühl JT, Fuchs A, Køber L, Lundgren J, Vestbo J, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. Pulmonary Arterial Enlargement in Well-Treated Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 4;223(1):94-100. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa339.

  31. Fink A, Knudsen AD, Thudium RF, Von Stemann JH, Afzal S, Lundgren J, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Ostrowski SR, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SD. Identification of two different coagulation phenotypes in people living with HIV with undetectable viral replication. Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 23;11(1):4383. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83731-x.

  32. Thudium RF, Ringheim H, Ronit A, Hoel H, Benfield T, Mocroft A, Gerstoft J, Trøseid M, Borges ÁH, Ostrowski SR, Vestbo J, Nielsen SD. Independent Associations of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukin-1 Beta With Radiographic Emphysema in People Living With HIV. Front Immunol. 2021 Apr 14;12:668113. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668113.

  33. Thudium RF, Knudsen AD, Von Stemann JH, Hove-Skovsgaard M, Hoel H, Mocroft A, Reekie J, Ronit A, Gerstoft J, Vestbo J, Trøseid M, Borges ÁH, Ostrowski SR, Nielsen SD. Independent Association of Interleukin 6 With Low Dynamic Lung Function and Airflow Limitation in Well-Treated People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis. 2021 May 28;223(10):1690-1698. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa600.

  34. Drivsholm N, Knudsen AD, Faurholt-Jepsen M, Midttun Ø, Trøseid M, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Ueland PM, Nielsen SD, Gelpi M. Alterations in the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism Are Associated With Depression in People Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021 Jun 1;87(2):e177-e181. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002664.

  35. Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Bendtsen F, Lundgren J, de Knegt RJ, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD, Benfield T. Increased Prevalence of Liver Fibrosis in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Without Viral Hepatitis Compared to Population Controls. J Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 2;224(3):443-452. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa763.

  36. Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Thomsen MT, Gelpi M, Bendtsen F, Nielsen SD, Benfield T. Hepatic Steatosis Associated With Exposure to Elvitegravir and Raltegravir. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 2;73(3):e811-e814. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab057.

  37. Høgh J, Pham MHC, Knudsen AD, Thudium RF, Gelpi M, Sigvardsen PE, Fuchs A, Kühl JT, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, Benfield T, Køber L, Gerstoft J, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. HIV infection is associated with thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms: a prospective matched cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2021 Aug 7;42(30):2924-2931. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab348.

  38. Gelpi M, Mikaeloff F, Knudsen AD, Benfeitas R, Krishnan S, Svenssson Akusjärvi S, Høgh J, Murray DD, Ullum H, Neogi U, Nielsen SD. The central role of the glutamate metabolism in long-term antiretroviral treated HIV-infected individuals with metabolic syndrome. Aging (Albany NY). 2021 Oct 11;13(19):22732-22751. doi: 10.18632/aging.203622. Epub 2021 Oct 11.

  39. Knudsen AD, Graff C, Nielsen JB, Thomsen MT, Høgh J, Benfield T, Gerstoft J, Køber L, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. De novo electrocardiographic abnormalities in persons living with HIV. Sci Rep. 2021 Oct 21;11(1):20750. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00290-x.

  40. Høgh J, Gelpi M, Hove-Skovsgaard M, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, Gerstoft J, Benfield T, Storgaard H, Nielsen SD. HIV Infection Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021 Dec 1;88(4):e32-e35. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002798.

  41. Sørensen EW, Gelpi M, Knudsen AD, Benfield T, Mocroft A, Nielsen SD. Switch to INSTIs, but Not Long-Term Stable INSTIs, Is Associated With Excess Weight Gain in People Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021 Dec 15;88(5):e36-e38. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002802.

  42. Olund Villumsen S, Benfeitas R, Knudsen AD, Gelpi M, Høgh J, Thomsen MT, Murray D, Ullum H, Neogi U, Nielsen SD. Integrative Lipidomics and Metabolomics for System-Level Understanding of the Metabolic Syndrome in Long-Term Treated HIV-Infected Individuals. Front Immunol. 2022 Jan 12;12:742736. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742736.

  43. Knudsen AD, Bouazzi R, Afzal S, Gelpi M, Benfield T, Høgh J, Thomsen MT, Trøseid M, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SD. Monocyte count and soluble markers of monocyte activation in people living with HIV and uninfected controls. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 May 11;22(1):451. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07450-y. PMID: 35546661; PMCID: PMC9097376.

  44. Høgh J, Hove-Skovsgaard M, Gelpi M, Jensen AMR, Gerstoft J, Benfield T, Storgaard H, Nielsen SD. Insulin resistance in people living with HIV is associated with exposure to thymidine analogues and/or didanosine and prior immunodeficiency. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 May 28;22(1):503. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07485-1. PMID: 35643429; PMCID: PMC9145097.

  45. Gelpi M, Vestad B, Raju SC, Hansen SH, Høgh J, Midttun Ø, Ueland PM, Ueland T, Benfield T, Kofoed KF, Hov JR, Trøseid M, Nielsen SD. Association of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Gut Microbiota Alterations and Visceral Adipose Tissue Accumulation. J Infect Dis. 2022 Jun 1;225(11):1948-1954. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac018.

  46. Suarez-Zdunek MA, Høgh J, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Jensen AMR, Rupert A, Trøseid M, Gerstoft J, Nielsen SD, Knudsen AD. High incidence of subclinical peripheral artery disease in people with HIV. AIDS. 2022 Aug 1;36(10):1355-1362. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003252. Epub 2022 May 25. PMID: 35608109.

  47. Hove-Skovsgaard M, Møller DL, Hald A, Gerstoft J, Lundgren J, Ostrowski SR, Nielsen SD. Improved induced innate immune response after cART initiation in people with HIV. Front Immunol. 2022 Aug 17;13:974767. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974767.

  48. Thudium RF, Ronit A, Afzal S, Çolak Y, Forman JL, Mendo F, Chen F, Estrada V, Kumarasamy N, Nordestgaard BG, Lundgren J, Vestbo J, Kunisaki KM, Nielsen SD; COCOMO, INSIGHT START Pulmonary Substudy and CGPS Study Groups. Faster lung function decline in people living with HIV despite adequate treatment: a longitudinal matched cohort study. Thorax. 2023 Jan 13:thoraxjnl-2022-218910. doi: 10.1136/thorax-2022-218910. Epub ahead of print.

  49. Grønbæk SK, Høgh J, Knudsen AD, Pham MHC, Sigvardsen PE, Fuchs A, Kühl JT, Køber L, Gerstoft J, Benfield T, Ostrowski SR, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD. Aortic aneurysms and markers of platelet activation, hemostasis, and endothelial disruption in people living with HIV. Front Immunol. 2023 Feb 2;14:1115894. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115894.

  50. Mikaeloff F, Gelpi M, Benfeitas R, Knudsen AD, Vestad B, Høgh J, Hov JR, Benfield T, Murray D, Giske CG, Mardinoglu A, Trøseid M, Nielsen SD, Neogi U. Network-based multi-omics integration reveals metabolic at-risk profile within treated HIV-infection. Elife. 2023 Feb 16;12:e82785. doi: 10.7554/eLife.82785.

  51. Bundgård J, Reimer Jensen AM, Suarez-Zdunek MA, Høgh J, Gerstoft J, Benfield T, Ostrowski SR, Nielsen SD, Knudsen AD. Peripheral artery disease and markers of endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation in people with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2023 Mar 23. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003194. Epub ahead of print. 

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